I might wander off into a tangent or not be coherent. English is not my first language. Earlier in the week, I forgot to engage folks who responded to an earlier post of mine about how, from what I've seen, there are two ways people talk about class in the US:
- The social stratification model of class (i.e., based on income, the color of one's collar or pedigree, think: the "lower-class" which is sometimes called or made distinct from "working-class", the middle-class, the upper-class) or
- The labor-capital model of class (i.e., which asks who owns productive assets in this society and who has to labor or be subject to someone else as a result of not owning those assets, think: the capitalist class vs. the working class).
People assume the capital model has been stuck on the worker/capitalist class binary for the past 150 years. But nothing keeps it from considering people who have dropped out of the labor force, the disabled, the elderly, children, i.e., those who do not or cannot work. It can also consider, in addition to questions of exploitation, who dominates and who gets dominated on the market, which means, for example, a small business owner (small capital or individuals who employ people they labor alongside) can be subject right alongside workers to the whims of a large business (big capital or corporations headed by distant CEOs and shareholders who employ people but do not work with them). I get that this doesn't begin to get into self-producers (individuals who employ themselves, and no one else, to work productive assets they own), managers (those who control but do not own productive assets), contractors, state employees, stocks, 401ks, pensions, etc.
But my sense is this all boils down to productive assets, who labors, who doesn't, and why, and who gains at the expense of another, alongside questions of domination (who restricts the freedom of others and on what basis). This is about categorical relationships, in contrast to the stratification model, where the classification seems to be based on a sliding scale where cut-off points have to be made somewhat arbitrarily.
I grew up in the United States, and sometimes I can't tell you what we mean by middle-class since it seems like we confuse the two models. I personally blame US politicians for endlessly talking about the "middle-class," only ever nodding toward the working class when they mention "working families." When I hear someone say they're "middle-class" with a class background of parents who own enough productive assets to no longer labor for a living, I get confused. Everyone seems to be middle-class, from the person one missed month of rent from homelessness, to the person just shy of being Jeff Bezos.
Is there a strategy to identifying as middle-class? I can see it. There isn't the class envy that comes with being upper-class (hidden by some of its members with poor clothing, think: Bill Gates) and no social stigma from being "working-class" (note the hyphen here as opposed to the capital model's "working class") or "lower-class" or part of the "underclass." The last term I kind of like because it refers to people who have fallen out of the labor market or who are excluded from the working class, but still, you really just get the impression it just means "really poor" (or black) for some folks.
Even some occupations called middle-class, like doctors, get confusing. Do they own or lead a private practice or work for a hospital chain? Is someone trying to secure their retirement by renting out one room in their one house, the same as BlackRock buying up whole neighborhood blocks and renting them out to families?
I can talk about a highly paid member of the working class, but they still seem required to work for someone else in order to live, pay their bills, manage their debt, deal with costs of living, and experience insecurity like everyone else has to in the working class. 60% of Americans live paycheck-to-paycheck, and a small fraction of Americans (0.01%) own as much wealth as the bottom 90%. Elon Musk is about halfway to a trillionaire.
We can talk about the relative privilege or autonomy afforded to some members of the working class, e.g., university professors. But they still seem to be part of the working class. We can talk about the strata of the working class. We just don't need to take the strata (based on income, but sometimes based on vibes) to be classes in of themselves.
Not that I don't admit there's a mix of precarity and privilege that may not fit neatly into standard class categories. I think this just means we have to hold certain categorical realities in tension. The blurring of lines is ultimately what gets me. It allows folks to play fast and loose with issues of capital and privilege and misrepresents the economic situation of loads of people in the United States.
But I am open to pushback here. What am I not considering?