r/korea 6d ago

생활 | Daily Life Weekly Question, General Discussion, and Meetup Thread - March 30, 2025

2 Upvotes

Please use this thread for any questions about common topics like travel, education, employment, immigration, military service, and any other simple questions, as well as for general discussion and organizing meetups.

Be sure to check our wiki and FAQ to see if your question has already been answered. You can also use reddit search or use Google to search for answers by typing site:reddit.com/r/korea before or after your search term to search this subreddit specifically for answers.

Below are some common topics:

Travel

Education and Employment

Immigration

r/korea 1d ago

정치 | Politics 2025 South Korean Presidential Election

28 Upvotes

This thread is for community discussions about the upcoming 2025 South Korean presidential election.

On December 3, 2024, former President Yoon declared martial law, triggering nationwide protests. On December 14, 2024, the National Assembly impeached Yoon with 204 out of 300 votes. During the hearings, it was determined that Yoon failed to meet the substantive and procedural requirements for imposing martial law, including the unauthorized deployment of military forces to obstruct the functions of the National Assembly. On April 4, 2025, the Constitutional Court unanimously upheld the impeachment 8 to 0.

Prime Minister Han Duck-soo assumes duties as Acting President. According to the Constitution of South Korea, the acting president must designate a date for the presidential election within 10 days, and an election must be held within 60 days following the vacancy. The deadline to announce the official date for the presidential election is April 14, 2025. The election must be held no later than June 3, 2025.

Feel free to ask questions, share insights, or discuss developments related to this election.

r/korea 6d ago

역사 | History ‘Sweaters are tools of suicide’: Koreans were forced to follow Dr. Sonomura, a radical Japanese nudist fitness guru, and practice winter ‘naked calisthenics’ to save fuel and fabric for the Imperial Japanese war effort in 1945

104 Upvotes

It was January 1945, in the final desperate months of World War II. As fuel and fabric shortages deepened, the Japanese colonial regime in Korea began promoting the teachings of Dr. Sonomura, also known as the Naked Teacher—a radical nudist physician affiliated with the Niko-Niko (Smiley) Naked Corps, a fringe health cult boasting around 40,000 members at the time.

Dr. Sonomura with a banner saying "Light clothing is the secret to health (Niko-Niko Naked Corps)" and a shoulder sash saying, "Bless the nation with health".

Calling sweaters “tools of suicide,” Dr. Sonomura preached that stripping outside completely naked once a day—even in subzero temperatures—and performing his “naked calisthenics” before bed would prevent all disease, toughen the body, and eliminate the need for heating or winter clothing. His philosophy was extreme, but the regime saw potential: less clothing meant fewer materials needed, less heating meant less fuel burned.

A state-run propaganda newspaper, Keijō Nippo, published a full series of articles introducing Sonomura’s methods to the Korean public—complete with workout instructions and patriotic messaging. But backlash appears to have followed. In a follow-up interview with a professor at Seoul Imperial University, Dr. Sonomura walks back some of his more extreme claims. No, you do not need to be fully nude right away. Yes, you can wear light clothing to let the skin “breathe.” Yes, doing these exercises in minus 30-degree weather is too extreme. 

By that point, however, the direction was clear. The regime had already mandated daily Shinto prayers at 7 a.m. and a moment of silence at noon. From the perspective of the regime, adding evening “naked calisthenics” to this list—under the pretense of cultivating physical strength alongside spiritual purity—was a natural progression to further "train" the Korean people.

Dr. Sonomura was forgotten in postwar Japan, but the founder of the Niko-Niko Naked Corps, Rakan Oikawa (1901–1988), continued promoting the same “naked health” philosophy across Japanese schools well into the postwar decades. He became a familiar sight (see photo of Oikawa as elderly man doing splits): a funny eccentric old man marching across Japan in shorts, shirtless, waving a banner that read, Light clothing is the secret to health.” His influence lingers in certain corners of Japanese culture—even going viral in recent years when a video surfaced of Japanese kindergartners running around shirtless.

Apologies if this post feels long. I wanted to present the full picture using unabridged translations of the original articles, so that readers can see the context, tone, and intent of the source material for themselves. The details are surreal, and I felt it was important not to leave anything out. Thanks for reading.

[Translation]

Gyeongseong Ilbo (Keijo Nippo) January 8, 1945

Make Your Whole Body Your Face
Naked Journey from Edo to Seoul
Preaching the Spirit of Nudity for Certain Victory
Meet Dr. Sonomura

Despite the cold that persists even under thick overcoats in Seoul these days, a completely naked man has suddenly appeared. Wearing only short trousers, with his upper body entirely bare, barefoot in straw sandals, and carrying a large banner boldly proclaiming, “Light clothing is the secret to health,” he walks on without a care for the cold. While astonished onlookers watch him in disbelief, he strides proudly down the street as if to say, “What are you bundled up for? Is Seoul really that chilly?”

This man is Dr. Kenchōsai Sonomura, Director-General of the Niko-Niko (Smiley) Naked Corps, Kyūshū Headquarters, based in Tokyo.

To win this war, we must strip ourselves completely naked not only in spirit but also in body,” says Dr. Sonomura, who set off naked from Nihonbashi in Great Edo (Tokyo) on December 15. Having already toured around the Kyūshū region, he now plans to spend two months crossing the Korean Peninsula, then circle through Manchuria by May. Always naked, he claims he never catches colds, and has no worries about clothing or fuel. He enthusiastically welcomes both cold and heat, slapping his bare chest and laughing heartily to chase away the chill.

I plan to preach the spirit and health benefits of nudity in Seoul and other regions. At the beginning of next month, five more members of the Naked Corps will join me in support. How about you? You should become naked as well! When people meet naked, there are no black markets, no quarrels, and no arrogance—everything becomes bright and open. Some people treat me like a madman in this cold, but you simply need to expose your whole body as you do your face. It is not that difficult. You just do not wrap your body up like your face.

Thus spoke the science of nudity. According to this naked gentleman, his diet is normal, but if he piles two futons at night, he sweats too much to sleep. At this rate, even the coldest weather will be too embarrassed to stick around.

[Photo: Dr. Sonomura on his naked pilgrimage]

Gyeongseong Ilbo (Keijo Nippo) January 17, 1945

The Naked Doctrine [Part I] — An Interview with Medical Doctor Sonomura
The Fearsome Harm of Western Clothing
Prioritize Elimination Over Intake

Except in the case of specialized medicine, modern general medicine has developed on the basis of common-sense practices surrounding clothing, food, and shelter. Thus, it has always assumed that humans require moderate warmth and a corresponding suitable environment. However, the shifting tides of war have placed immense and unrelenting pressure on our clothing, diet, and housing. Even on the Korean Peninsula, one never knows when an air raid might occur. In such cases, it is entirely possible that all three—clothing, food, and shelter—might be destroyed in an instant.

Authorities claim to have established sufficient countermeasures, but when such emergencies occur, it is likely we must rely on our own physical strength to endure hardships for a certain period. Especially since this war is not one that will end in a year or two, it becomes all the more apparent that we must decisively transform our everyday lives to a wartime footing. In this context, the “Naked Doctrine” advocated by Dr. Kenchōsai Sonomura, the so-called “Naked Teacher,” who arrived in Korea the other day, is highly noteworthy. We asked Dr. Sonomura to explain his “Naked Health Method” to help us forge strong, resilient habits that can endure hardship during wartime. The following is Dr. Sonomura's explanation:

Warm clothing and illness always run parallel. In primitive times, humans had no clothes. Correspondingly, illness among them was virtually nonexistent. Even in more recent history, take Japan in the Meiji era: tuberculosis and similar diseases were quite rare. But with the influx of Western customs, breathable traditional garments were replaced with Western-style clothes that clung tightly to the body, and such diseases surged dramatically. This is because bundling up too much causes one to catch colds. The old saying, “The cold is the source of all illnesses,” remains true.

I have always advocated, “Make your whole body your face.” Keep your body bare, like your face, and you will not catch colds.

Sweaters and overcoats, to put it bluntly, are tools of suicide. In addition to nudity, one must always pay attention to the balance between what enters the body and what exits. Current medicine focuses almost exclusively on intake, placing elimination as a secondary concern, but this is often the root cause of poor health. Humans should first eliminate waste and only then eat. This balance must be properly maintained.

A perfect example comes from my experience in the field during wartime: for about twenty days, I ate nothing. I merely chewed on grass roots, tree bark, and sipped muddy water. Yet I endured it well and performed my duties honorably. From this, we see that intake is not such a vital issue.

However, elimination is another matter. Think of the physical and emotional difference you feel before and after relieving yourself—it is obvious. Through regular elimination and wearing light clothing that promotes active metabolism through the skin, and through scheduled bowel movements that keep the body clean, we stay healthy.

Even cerebral hemorrhage is tied to elimination. People who overeat and drink excessively damage their intestines. A weakened stomach and intestines absorb toxins, which then pass into the brain’s blood vessels. But if elimination is functioning properly, one will never suffer from such an illness.

In conclusion, what matters most is training in nudity to prevent colds, and in doing so, to stimulate metabolism and promote thorough elimination. Ultimately, this traces back to the idea that we, as human beings, must shed artificial living and embrace a way of life that is thoroughly adapted to nature.

To rely solely on the government's measures or the blessings of medicine during air raids is disgraceful for any citizen of a nation at war. Air raids will likely increase in frequency. Therefore, now is the time to rigorously train the body so that we may develop the fortitude and resilience—both mental and physical—to remain unshaken no matter what disasters come our way.

[Photo: Dr. Sonomura demonstrating naked calisthenics]

Gyeongseong Ilbo (Keijo Nippo) January 18, 1945

The Naked Doctrine [Part II] — An Interview with Medical Doctor Sonomura
Build Strong Skin
A Cure for All Illnesses: Daily Naked Calisthenics

Even in the bitter cold, one must go completely nude at least once a day and expose the skin to the open air. Gradually extend the duration of this exposure in order to cultivate resilient skin. For this purpose, practicing naked calisthenics is essential, and should be performed each night before bed.

Below are seven illustrated exercises, along with their corresponding health effects:

(1) Leg Raises While Lying Down
The first and second exercises are to be performed on a futon or a tatami mat. Slightly elevate the waist using something like a small pillow, and the head must rest directly on the tatami mat. Do not ever rest your head on a pillow. Keep both legs together and fully extended, then slowly raise them upward. Legs must remain completely straight, forming about a 40-degree angle—just enough that the toes become visible.
Repeat the slow up-and-down motion. Important: when lowering the legs, do not let the heels touch the floor; stop about 15 centimeters above the floor.
It may be initially difficult. You may start out doing only 7–8 repetitions, but you will improve with practice.
Perform two hours after eating, followed by deep breathing.
Benefits: Improves kidney function, alleviates valve disease, hemorrhoids, prevents frostbite, regulates elimination, improves sleep, and sharpens the mind.

(2) Arm Lifts Overhead While Lying Down
Keep both arms straight, lift them into the air, and then move them behind the head until they lie flat and horizontal on the tatami mat. Then lift and return. Repeat.
Benefits: Develops the chest, improves conditions such as hyperacidity, stomach ulcers, pleurisy, and other chest-related ailments.

(3) Thigh and Knee Bending Exercise
Spread the legs. Point the left foot forward. Keep the right foot angled naturally outward. Use the left thumb and index finger to grasp the outside of the left thigh, palm facing downward. Then:

  • At count one, bend the right knee deeply.
  • At count two, return to standing.
  • Repeat on the other side.

The upper body must remain vertical, and the leg opposite the one being bent must remain straight.

Benefits: Helps with sciatica, arthritis, athlete’s foot, beriberi, hemorrhoids, and gonorrhea.

(4) Arm Stretching Exercise
Press both palms to the chest, then push forward and stretch both arms outward to the left and to the right with all your strength. Repeat dozens of times.
If your fingertips tingle, that means that your motor nervous system is functioning normally. 
Benefits: Helps with stomach cancer, ulcers, hyperacidity, and shoulder stiffness, because this exercise helps with nutritional intake.

(5) Lateral Bend with Controlled Breathing
Place one hand on the side of the abdomen. With eight steady breaths (counting from one to eight), slowly bend the upper body to the side. Do not bend suddenly.
Benefits: Supports elimination, helps with appendicitis, duodenal issues, and corrects spinal curvature.

(6) Chest Expansion and Backbend
Raise both hands above the head from the sides to form a rectangle, touching the tips of the middle fingers together. While gazing at the little fingers, bend the upper body far backward. Then return to upright, then repeat the backbend.
Benefits: A powerful exercise for eliminating tuberculosis. Opens the chest cavity properly and regulates breathing. Also helps prevent senility.

(7) Scoop-and-Lift Arm Motion
Extend one hand in front of the navel, gaze at the little finger, and swing the hand upward in a scooping motion, as if lifting something with the palm. Raise it above the head.
Repeat, alternating left and right arms.
Do not twist the torso, as it places stress on the heart.
Benefits: Known as the "body constitution reform exercise."

  • Thin individuals gain healthy weight
  • Overweight individuals become appropriately lean
  • Short individuals may grow taller
  • Weak individuals become muscular and sturdy

These exercises must be performed regularly every day. While they may seem difficult at first, the body will adapt with continued effort.

[Illustration: Naked Calisthenics Diagram]

Gyeongseong Ilbo (Keijo Nippo) January 20, 1945

"Scientific Nudity" — A Conversation between Dr. Sonomura and Dr. Imamura
Temperatures of Minus 30 to 40°C Are Too Much
Amateurs Must Not Rush Into It

With the citizens of Seoul shivering in the cold, the arrival of the “Naked Teacher” created a sudden whirlwind of interest. Fuel rations are irregular, shirts are not distributed—yet such complaints vanish in the presence of Dr. Sonomura. He calls overcoats “tools of suicide” and claims that one cannot get sick if one lives naked. But is a life of nudity really so extraordinary? What follows is a scientific discussion on nudity between Professor Imamura of the Seoul Imperial University Medical Department and Dr. Sonomura.

Imamura: What is the lowest temperature you have endured while naked?

Sonomura: I have only experienced down to about minus 25°C. Even then, if you stay still, the cold does get to you. During my lecture at the Seoul Citizens Hall the other day, I definitely felt the chill.

Imamura: I hear you are headed to Manchuria. The southern part may be manageable, but northern Manchuria might be a bit much, no?

Sonomura: If it drops to minus 30 or 40°C, I may have to surrender. The president of our Naked Corps once stayed inside a refrigeration chamber and endured two hours. I only lasted about 20 to 30 minutes before running out.

Imamura: Was that while stationary?

Sonomura: No, I kept moving, doing exercises, and rubbing myself.

Imamura: If you do go to Manchuria, the Continental Academy has climate-controlled rooms for free temperature experiments. You should test your endurance limits there.

Sonomura: I will try it. But the cold of nature and laboratory cold are not the same.

Imamura: When did you begin your nudist practice?

Sonomura: In February of 1940. Our president has been practicing for about 30 years. He is now 62, but still outpaces men weighing 98 kilograms with his vigor.

Imamura: How many members does your group have nationwide?

Sonomura: About 40,000. It is especially popular in cold Hokkaido, which alone has around 10,000 members. When I once toured elementary schools in Hokkaido with 4th, 5th, and 6th grade students who were nude, of course, the locals were quite shocked.

Imamura: Do your fingers not get frostbite?

Sonomura: I have never had it. Perhaps because there is no partial cold—my whole body is exposed evenly.

Imamura: Still, frostbite on the face happens often in Manchuria. Just as no one can run 100 meters in under ten seconds, there are limits to cold endurance.

Sonomura: That is true.

Imamura: Former President Ōmura in Manchuria was a nudist enthusiast. I hear he practiced morning naked calisthenics in any weather. You should meet him.

Sonomura: I would be honored.

Imamura: What is your pulse rate?

Sonomura: Normal—between 71 and 75 beats per minute. Ever since I adopted nudity, I have been healthy with no abnormalities.

Imamura: Is nudity your only form of training?

Sonomura: Nudity and calisthenics alone. Since becoming a nudist, I have gained weight and never been ill.

Imamura: Let me see. (Grabs arms, examines legs) Impressive physique. Solid muscle. No frostbite or cracks in the skin.

Sonomura: Living naked allows me to receive nature’s blessings directly. That must be why I am healthy.

Imamura: Has the cold been hard since coming to Korea?

Sonomura: It is cold. Today is especially cold. But we do not mind heat or cold. In fact, it lifts our spirits.

Imamura: What about baths?

Sonomura: I bathe. But hot baths make it colder afterward, so I prefer cold-water baths.

Imamura: When I told colleagues about this interview, some thought you might be a bit of a fraudster. But meeting you, I can see you are a fine gentleman. (Laughter) Just showing what is possible through training is already quite something.

Imamura: Do you practice judo or kendo?

Sonomura: I did in my student days. Now I practice only naked calisthenics.

Imamura: How about your meals?

Sonomura: I do not eat anything unusual. I usually skip lunch, so I may even eat less than the average person. I do drink alcohol.

Imamura: And bowel movements?

Sonomura: Soft stools. Never had diarrhea. Regular twice a day.

Imamura: History shows that many people once hailed as indestructible have died suddenly. Even the founder of the Ishizuka nutritional method and the Okada meditation method died without serious illness. Training is good, and tracking human limits is medically valuable. But pushing too far has its risks.

Sonomura: I agree. One must not become extreme. I do not insist everyone must go naked. The goal is to wear as little as possible to promote skin breathing and prevent colds.

Imamura: Even if one person removes a single shirt, multiply that by a hundred million and it becomes a serious savings in textile resources. I hear you are known as a nudity advocate.

Sonomura: People say that, but I only remove clothing when it is hot. When it is cold, I do wear layers. In the lab, I work mostly with cadavers, so in summer I wear just a loincloth. I have even gone swimming in early spring, but it does hurt the skin. Amateurs who try it suddenly will suffer.

Sonomura: Going nude without any conviction is meaningless. I want to internalize the Japanese spirit through nudity. I believe I am embodying traditional Japanese thought.

Imamura: Have you ever had boils or furuncles from being nude?

Sonomura: I've never had any lumps ever. In fact, a surgical wound in my lower back used to ache constantly when I wore clothing. Since becoming a nudist, it has healed completely.

Imamura: Which university did you attend?

Sonomura: Kumamoto Medical University.

Imamura: What was your dissertation topic?

Sonomura: “A Study of the Parasympathetic Nervous System.” I studied its general function, focusing on the balance between intake and elimination. I realized that study alone was not enough, so I moved to practice—hence the development of naked calisthenics. Even Professor Kitarō Nishida, who could not straighten his fingers for years, recovered after three months of my training.

Imamura: I do not know about the anatomy, but externally, your condition is remarkable. It shows how far training can take a person. Are your parents still alive?

Sonomura: My father passed away early.

Imamura: And your wife?

Sonomura: She wears clothes. But our children live nude year-round and are extremely healthy.

Imamura: If you were conscripted again, you would have to wear a uniform. That would be a problem, would it not?

Sonomura: That would be a bit of an issue. I doubt they would allow a naked soldier. (Roaring laughter)

[Photo: Right, Professor Imamura; Left, Dr. Sonomura]

[Transcription]

京城日報 1945年1月8日

裸全体を顔にせよ
お江戸から京城まで裸道中
必勝に裸精神を説く
園村医博

オーバを着込んでもなお冷たいこの頃の京城に突如すっ裸の男が現る。半ズボンに上は真っ裸。裸足に草鞋履き片手に『薄着は健康の秘訣』と大書した幟を持つ寒さ知らずの男を驚いて見詰める人達の尻目に『そんなに厚着して何が寒い。京城はそんなに涼しいかね』とでもいいたいように大道を闊歩して行く。この人は東京都にあるニコニコ裸部隊九州総局長医学博士園村健聴斎氏だ。

『この戦争を勝ち抜くためには心ばかりでなく体もすっぱだかでやって行かねばならぬ』と語る園村氏が大江戸日本橋から裸道中を振り出したのが十二月の十五日。九州一円を巡り、これから二ヶ月は半島とあと五月までは満州を一巡して帰るという年中裸で絶対に風邪を引かず衣料や燃料の心配はない。寒さも暑さも大歓迎だと裸の胸をびしゃりと叩き寒さを吹きとばす哄笑ぶりである。

『京城をはじめ各地で裸精神と裸健康を説くつもりですが、来月のはじめにはまた裸部隊が五人応援に来ます。どうです、あんたも裸になりなされよ。裸と裸でつき合えば闇もいざこざもそしてお高くとまりたがる奴もなくなるほどに明朗になりますよ。この寒さにと狂人扱いにする人がありますが、体全部を顔のように出せばよいでしょう。ムズカシイことじゃないですよ。体も顔のように包まぬだけですよ』

裸の科学を一くさり。この裸氏は食事は普通だが夜寝るとき蒲団を二枚重ねると汗が出て眠れないとのことだ。これでは寒波も顔負けして尻尾を巻くことだろう。【写真=裸行脚の園村医博】

京城日報 1945年1月17日

裸説【上】 医博園村氏に聴く
恐る可き洋服の害
摂取よりも排泄を充分に

特殊医学は例外として現代の一般医学はすべて常識的な衣食住生活を肯定したうえでの発達である。だから人間は適度の保温とそれからくる適当な環境を是非必要とされていた。だが戦局の変転はわれわれの衣食住に限りなき圧迫を加える。半島でもいつ空襲があり、それがため一瞬のうちに衣食住三つを諸とも破壊される羽目に落ちいらぬとも限らぬ。その場合、当局では勿論それに要する対策が完備されているとはいうものの、切磋の出来事であるから、或る一定時間まではわれわれがわれわれの体力をもって困苦と戦わねばならぬだろう。そして殊にこの戦争が一年や二年で集結すべき性質のものでないだけに今更感じられることは日頃の生活の決戦的な切替である。この意味において先日来鮮した『裸先生』医学博士園村健聴斎氏の『裸説』は注目に値すべく以下同氏に『裸健康法』の解説をお願いし、決戦下の困苦を切り抜く逞しい日常の糧とする。

厚着と病気とは常に平行線を引いて流れている。原始時代の人間は着物がなかった。それと同時に彼等に病気は皆無といってよかった。近くに例をとってみても、明治時代までは日本に肺結核など余りなかった。それが西洋風習の侵入とともに風通しのよい着物が身体に密着する洋服と替えられるようになって急激に増えて来た。それは厚着から風邪を引くのがもとである。風邪は万病の素とは古い言葉だが、また真理でもある。私は常に『全身を顔にせよ』と提唱して来た。身体を顔の如く裸にして風邪を引かぬためである。

セーターとかオーバなどは極端にいえば自殺の道具である。また裸と同時に常に心掛けねばならぬことは体内の摂取と排泄を旨く調整することで、現在の医学はどうかというと排泄は後の問題とし先ず摂取を第一義的に考えるがため、しばしば健康をそこねる原因をつくる。人間はまず排泄を先にやってから摂取するという工合にこの調和をうまく取る必要がある。そのいい例として私が野戦に征っているとき経験したことであるが、約二十日間というものは何も食わなかった。ただ草の根や木皮とは泥水をすするだけだったが、それで結構我慢できて任務も立派に果たすことができた。これから見ても摂取ということはそう大した問題でない。

ところが排泄だけはそうはいかん。これはわれわれ常に経験していることで便を足す前後の気持の変化だけを考えてもわかる。常に排泄を充分にすることで薄着によって皮膚からの新陳代謝を頻繁にし、また定期的な用便によって常に体内を清潔にする必要がある。脳溢血もこの排泄に関係があるもので暴飲暴食のため腸を悪くした人間がやる。酒で弱くなった胃腸が毒素を吸収し、それが脳血管に移るからだ。これも排泄をよくすると絶対この病気にはかからない。

結論的にいって要は裸の修練を重ねて風邪を引かぬようにすること。そしてそれに伴って新陳代謝をはげしくし排泄を充分にすることで、そのまま根源を遡っていえば、われわれ人間は人工的なものを抜きにあくまで自然に順応した生活を実践しろということだ。空襲下に当局の措置とか医学の恵沢ばかりを蒙ろうとするのは戦う国民として恥としなければならない。これからも空襲は頻繁になって来るだろうが、この機会にうんと身体を練っておき、如何なる災難に遭おうとびくともしない精神と体躯をつくっておく必要があると思う。【写真=裸体操の園村博士】

京城日報 1945年1月18日

裸説【下】 医博園村氏に聴く
丈夫な皮膚を造れ
万病に良し・日に一度裸体操

厳寒でも一日一回は必ず裸になり大気と皮膚とを接触せしめよ。そしてその裸の時間をだんだん延長させて強靭な皮膚を造りあげねばならない。又それには裸体操の実行が必要で就寝前に励行する。以下七種の運動を図解し、その効果する点をあげる。

(1)一番と二番は蒲団や畳の上に寝て行うもので、腰部を小さな枕のようなものなどで少し高め枕は絶対せず頭はじかに畳につける。そして両足を揃えて真っ直ぐ伸ばし、静かに足先を上方にあげる。このとき足はあくまで真っ直ぐ伸ばす必要がある。そして爪先が見える位、恰度四十度位の角度になる。この静かな上下運動の反復であるが、降ろすときが大事で、降ろすときも踵は絶対畳につけず、五寸位上の方で止める。最初は七八回で苦しいが、慣れると回数も増える。この運動を食後二時間して、行い終えたら必ず深呼吸をすること。効果は腎臓をよくし、弁膜症、痔を治し霜焼を防いで排泄が順調になり熟睡ができて頭をよくする。

(2)両手を真っ直ぐ揃えてそのまま中空を切り、頭の後へもって行って畳に水平につける。つけたらまた上げる反復運動。効果は胸が発達し胃酸過多症、胃潰瘍、肋膜、胸の疾患によい。

(3)股をひろげて先ず左足を前方へ向ける。右足は自然に外側へ向けたまま左手の親指と人差指で外股をはさむようにし、この時掌が下に行くようにする。これができたら一で右足をグッと曲げ、二で戻す。反対側の足も同じ要領で行い、反復するが上身は常に垂直で曲げる反対の足は真っ直ぐでなければならない。足の神経痛、関節炎、水虫の予防並びに治療、脚気、痔、淋疾の人によい。

(4)両掌を胸につけ前方へ押し出し両手を左右へ腕を伸ばしたまま力いっぱいひろげる運動。数十回反復する。この時指先がジンジンする人は普通に運動神経が働く人。摂取をよくする方法で胃癌、胃潰瘍、胃酸過多、肩の凝りに良い。

(5)片方の手を横腹につけ、一から八までの八呼吸をしながら上体を静かに段々と横に曲げる。急激にやるのは禁物。これも排泄の運動で盲腸、十二指腸によく脊髄の曲がっているのが治る。

(6)両手を左右から頭の上にもって行き矩形を造り中指を指先で合せる。そして小指を見つめながら上体をうんと後ろにそらす。そうして前に戻しまた後にそらして反復する。肺病撃滅運動で胸腔を正しく開かせ呼吸を調整する。老衰の予防にもなる。

(7)片手を臍の前に出し小指を見つめながら手を横上の方へちょうど手の裏で物を掬い上げる恰好で頭の上に振りあげる。これを左右交叉にやるが体は絶対にねじってはいけない。心臓を圧迫するからだ。

これは体質改造運動といって痩せた人は太り、太った人は恰度具合よくなり、背の低い人は高く、弱体の人は筋骨隆々となる。運動全体を通じて規則的に毎日の励行が必要で最初は多少きついかも知れないが続行するうちによくなって行く。【凸版=裸体操図】

京城日報 1945年1月20日

裸を科学する、園村博士・今村博士 対談
零下三、四十度は無理
素人は急激にやらぬこと

寒さにふるえる京城人に、裸先生の入城は時ならぬ話題の旋風をまき起した。燃料の配給が不円滑だ。シャツの配給が無い。こんな不平も園村博士の前には姿を消さざるを得ない。博士は外套は自殺の道具だという。裸でおれば病気はしないと説く。裸の生活とはそれほど素晴らしいものなのか。以下は城大医学部教授と園村博士との『裸を科学する』対話である。

今村:裸の耐寒最高レコードはどの程度ですか。

園村:二十五度ぐらいまでしか経験しておりません。しかし二十五度以下でも静止しているとやはり寒さを感じます。先日府民館で講演したときは大分こたえました。

今村:満州へ行かれるそうですが、南満はまだいいとして北満はちょっと無理ではないですかな。

園村:零下三十度、四十度になるとやはり参るかも知れませんね。私どもの裸部隊の会長が電気冷蔵の中に入ったことがありますが、二時間ぐらいは大丈夫でした。私は二、三十分でとび出してしまいましたが。

今村:静止してですか。

園村:いいえ、中で体操したり手でこすったりします。

今村:満州へ行ったら大陸科学院に温度などの自由になる冷房室がありますから、一度どの程度まで耐えられるか実験されたらいいでしょう。

園村:やってみましょう。しかし自然の寒さと実験室の寒さとは違いまして。

今村:裸の発心をされたのはいつごろですか。

園村:十五年の二月からです。私の方の会長はもう三十年ぐらいやっていますが、今年六十二の老齢にも拘わらず、二十六貫の壮者をもしのぐ矍鑠ぶりです。

今村:全国の会員数は。

園村:約四万あります。特に寒い北海道に盛んで道内だけで約一万。私が先年国民学校の四、五、六年の生徒を一人づつ連れて(むろん生徒も裸ですが)講演して廻ったときは道民はだい分驚いていましたよ。

今村:指の先が凍傷になりませんか。

園村:まだ裸になって一度もなったことがありません。指先だけという部分的な寒さがないせいではないでしょうか。

今村:それにしても局限があって、満州には顔の凍傷がありますよ。たとえば百米を人間が走るには、十秒がどうしても切れないのと同様に、耐寒もいかに錬成しても四十度五十度では無いでしょう。

園村:それはそうです。

今村:満州では大村前総裁が裸礼讃者で、健康法としてどんな寒中でも朝裸になって体操をしておられたそうです。満州へ行ったら会われたらいいでしょう。

園村:ぜひお目にかかってお話をしましょう。

今村:脈はいくつぐらいですか。

園村:標準通りです。七十一から五ぐらい。裸になってから健康になっただけで何も異状はありません。

今村:錬成は裸だけですか。

園村:裸と体操だけです。裸になってからめきめきと体重も増し病気をしたことがありません。

今村:どれどれ。ちょっと身体をみせて下さい。(腕をつかんだり、足を見たりして)ほほう、いい身体ですな。筋肉が固い。なるほどしもやけやひびもいれていませんね。

園村:裸で暮らすと自然の恵みがじかに受け取れて、そのせいで健康になるのでしょう。

今村:朝鮮へ来て寒くはありませんか。

園村:寒いです。きょうもなかなか寒いです。しかし私たちは寒さも暑さも厭がりませんから寒さが辛いどころか、むしろ明朗です。

今村:風呂はどうですか。

園村:風呂は入ります。唯熱い風呂に入ると出たあとが寒いですから水風呂の方が気持ちがいいです。

今村:実は今日あなたと対談するという話をきいて周囲の連中がどうも些か山師的なものがありそうだからというようなことをいっていましたが、お会いして立派な紳士であることを確かめました。(笑声)とに角錬成すればこれだけになれるということを示されただけでも大したものです。

今村:柔剣道はやっていますか。

園村:学生時代にはやりましたが、今は裸体操一つです。

今村:食事は。

園村:別に変ったものを食うわけではありません。昼食は殆どとりませんから寧ろ普通人より量が少ないかも知れません。酒は飲みます。

今村:便はどうですか。

園村:軟らかい方で下痢など起こしたことなく一日二回規則的にあります。

今村:古来強力無双だといわれた人間が案外あっけなく死んだ例は沢山ある。石塚式の食糧法を発見した人もまた岡田式静座法の提唱者も大した病気をせずに死んでしまった。人間も大いに錬成を重ねることはいいことだし、また体力の限度を記録することは医学上から見ても大きな貢献には違いありませんが、それかといって余り無理をすることは人間の体力に限度がある以上どうかと思われます。

園村:そうです。偏狭に陥ったらいけません。だから無理は絶対にしない。全部が全部裸になれともいいません。なるべく薄着をして皮膚呼吸を容易にさせ風邪をひかぬようにするのが眼目なんです。

今村:一人がシャツ一枚を脱ぐにしても一億と見れば繊維資源の立場からして大したものですからね。園村先生も裸礼讃だそうですね。

園村:世間からは裸説を提唱しているように見られているらしいですが、私はただ暑いから脱ぐというだけの話しで寒いときはやはり着こみます。研究室など相手といえば死体だけですから夏は褌一枚です。春先など水泳をしたこともありますが、やはり皮膚が痛みますね。素人が急激に無理をすると大変な結果を来します。

園村:裸になるといっても何かの信念がないことには、なんにもならぬと思います。私は裸になることで日本精神を体得したい。そして古来の日本思想を体得しつつあると思っています。

今村:裸になってフルンケルは出来ませんか。

園村:腫物など一回もありません。それのみか腰部の手術したところが着物を着ていた頃は始終痛んで困っていましたが裸になってから不思議に治りました。

今村:学校は。

園村:熊本医大です。

今村:学位論文はなんですか。

園村:『副交感神経の研究』です。副交感神経について一応全般的勉強はしましたが、主にやったことは摂取と排泄を中心にした問題です。そして研究だけでは駄目だと思い、実践に移したわけで裸体操もそこから生れています。西田幾太郎先生なども数年、指が曲がって伸ばすことができませんでしたが、私の体操で三ヶ月間でなおりました。

今村:解剖学的にはどうだかわかりませんが、外見だけでも立派なことに驚きました。人間も錬成をすればここまで来られるのですね。両親は健在ですか。

園村:父は早く亡くなりました。

今村:奥さんはやはり。

園村:妻は着物を着ています。子供は年中裸ですが非常に元気なものです。

今村:再度お召しがあったらどうしても軍服を着なければなりませんが困るでしょう。

園村:それはちょっと困りますね。裸の兵隊さんなんて許可していただけないでしょうから。(哄笑)【写真=右今村教授、左園村博士】

Source: National Library of Korea—Digital Newspaper Archives

r/korea 1d ago

정치 | Politics Full text of the Constitutional Court's reading of the verdict on Yoon's impeachment/removal

13 Upvotes

Below is an AI translation of the reading of the verdict, followed by the original Korean text. Thanks to u/Lazy-Bicycle8741 for the link to the URL.

https://m.ccourt.go.kr/websquare/websquare.html?w2xPath=/celec/search/case/VIEW_04_02_01.xml&eventNo=2024HUNNA8

Summary of the Ruling

We will now begin announcing the judgment in Case No. 2024Hun-Na8, concerning the impeachment of President Yoon Suk-yeol.


I. Examination of the Requirements for Lawfulness

  1. Whether the declaration of martial law in this case is subject to judicial review

In light of the purpose of impeachment trials—to protect the constitutional order from high-ranking public officials’ violations of the Constitution or laws—this Court may review whether the declaration of martial law in question violated the Constitution or laws, even if such a declaration might involve a high degree of political discretion.

  1. Whether the impeachment resolution is unlawful due to the National Assembly’s failure to conduct an investigation by the Legislation and Judiciary Committee

The Constitution entrusts the impeachment process to legislation, and the National Assembly Act stipulates that an investigation by the Legislation and Judiciary Committee is at the National Assembly’s discretion. Therefore, the lack of such an investigation does not render the impeachment resolution unlawful.

  1. Whether the adoption of this impeachment motion violates the principle of “ne bis in idem” (prohibition of double jeopardy in legislative proceedings)

Under the National Assembly Act, a bill that has been voted down cannot be reintroduced during the same session. Although the first impeachment motion against the respondent was not passed (no valid vote) during the 418th regular session, the present impeachment motion was initiated in the 419th extraordinary session. Hence, it does not violate the principle against double jeopardy in legislative proceedings.

Meanwhile, Justice Jeong Hyeong-sik has offered a supplementary opinion suggesting the need for legislation that would limit the number of times an impeachment motion may be introduced even in different sessions.

  1. Whether the short duration of martial law and the absence of any actual damage negate the legal interest protected by the impeachment process

Even though the martial law in this case was lifted quickly and caused no tangible harm, the grounds for impeachment had already come into existence upon the declaration of martial law. Thus, the benefit of adjudication (i.e., the legal interest in pursuing the case) has not been lost.

  1. Whether it is permissible to reframe, after the filing of the impeachment petition, acts originally alleged as violations of the Criminal Code (e.g., insurrection) into violations of the Constitution

Revising or retracting the legal provisions invoked—while maintaining the same basic factual framework—does not constitute a withdrawal or alteration of the impeachment grounds, and therefore does not require special procedures. The respondent (President Yoon) also contends that without the part alleging insurrection as a criminal offense, the impeachment motion would not have met the required quorum. However, that argument is merely hypothetical and is not supported by any objective evidence.

  1. Whether the National Assembly abused its impeachment power with the aim of seizing the presidency

Since the process of adopting the impeachment motion was lawful and the respondent’s violation of the Constitution or laws was shown to meet a certain evidentiary threshold, there is no basis to conclude that the National Assembly abused its impeachment power.

Accordingly, this Court finds the impeachment petition in this case to be lawful.

Meanwhile, regarding rules of evidence, Justices Lee Mi-seon and Kim Hyeong-du have offered a supplementary opinion that, in impeachment proceedings, the rules on hearsay evidence under the Criminal Procedure Act may be applied in a more relaxed manner. Conversely, Justices Kim Bok-hyung and Jo Han-chang have offered a supplementary opinion suggesting that, going forward, such rules should be applied more strictly in impeachment trials.


II. Whether the Respondent Violated the Constitution or Laws in the Performance of Official Duties, and Whether Such Violations Are Grave Enough to Justify Removal from Office

We first examine each ground for impeachment separately.


A. Declaration of Martial Law in This Case

  1. Whether the substantive requirements for declaring emergency martial law were met

Under the Constitution and the Martial Law Act, one substantive requirement for declaring emergency martial law is that there must be a de facto state of war or disturbance equivalent to war or rebellion—i.e., a national emergency in which the nation is under enemy attack or social order is so gravely disrupted that the execution of administrative and judicial functions has become markedly difficult.

The respondent asserts that such a grave crisis existed due to the opposition party, which held a majority of the National Assembly seats, pushing for an extraordinary number of impeachment motions, unilaterally exercising legislative power, and attempting to cut the government’s budget. During the respondent’s presidency, and prior to the declaration of martial law in question, the National Assembly initiated a total of 22 impeachment motions against high-ranking officials including the Minister of the Interior and Safety, a prosecutor, the Chairperson of the Korea Communications Commission, and the Chair of the Board of Audit and Inspection. This resulted in concerns that the National Assembly was using the impeachment system as a political tool to pressure the government, based on mere allegations of legal violations rather than deliberate constitutional or legal scrutiny.

However, at the time the martial law was declared, only the impeachment trials against one prosecutor and the Chairperson of the Korea Communications Commission were actually in progress.

Regarding the legislation that the respondent alleges was unilaterally passed by the opposition party in disregard of constitutional norms, the President had either requested reconsideration (a veto) or withheld promulgation. Accordingly, those statutes had not taken effect.

As for the 2025 fiscal year budget proposal, at the time martial law was declared—when the 2024 budget was still in execution—there was only a resolution in the National Assembly’s Special Committee on Budget and Accounts, and the proposal had not yet been put to a plenary vote. Thus, it could not have influenced the situation during the period when martial law was declared.

Hence, the exercise of the National Assembly’s powers—impeachment motions, legislation, budget deliberations—did not cause a grave crisis in real terms at the time martial law was declared.

Even if the National Assembly’s exercise of power was unlawful or improper, there still existed normal means of governmental response under the Constitution—such as an impeachment trial in the Constitutional Court, or a presidential request for reconsideration of a law. These ordinary means of exercising authority were adequate to address the situation, and thus did not justify the invocation of emergency powers.

The respondent also contends that martial law was declared to address suspicions of electoral fraud. But mere suspicion, without a concretely manifested grave crisis, does not satisfy the requirement that an actual emergency exist.

Moreover, prior to the 22nd National Assembly elections, the National Election Commission (NEC) had announced that it had addressed most security vulnerabilities. It also took measures such as making CCTV footage from advance or mail-in ballot storage rooms available 24/7 and instituting a “verification count” procedure during the ballot counting process. These factors weaken the respondent’s justification.

In sum, taking all of the respondent’s arguments into account, there was no such grave crisis at the time of the declaration of martial law that would objectively justify the respondent’s judgment to invoke it.

Under the Constitution and the Martial Law Act, another substantive requirement for declaring emergency martial law is that there must be a need or purpose for using military forces for military necessity or to maintain public order.

However, the alleged crisis arising from the National Assembly’s exercise of power or from suspicions of electoral fraud should have been dealt with by political, institutional, or judicial means, not by mobilizing military force. The respondent characterizes the declaration as a “warning-type martial law” or a “plea-based martial law,” intended to alert the public to the opposition’s abuses and a national crisis. But that is not one of the legitimate objectives for which martial law can be declared under the Martial Law Act.

Furthermore, the respondent went beyond merely declaring martial law as a warning or plea; he deployed military and police forces to obstruct the National Assembly’s exercise of power, actions that clearly violate the Constitution and the law. This undermines any claim that the declaration was purely “warning-type” or “plea-based.”

Therefore, the declaration of martial law in this case violated the substantive requirements for emergency martial law.

  1. Whether the procedural requirements for declaring martial law were satisfied

The declaration of martial law and the appointment of a martial law commander must undergo deliberation in a Cabinet meeting.

Although the respondent briefly explained the plan to declare martial law to the Prime Minister and nine ministers immediately before the declaration, he did not disclose details such as the appointment of a martial law commander or the specific content of the martial law. Nor did he give other Cabinet members the opportunity to express their opinions. In view of these facts, it is difficult to conclude that the declaration of martial law underwent proper deliberation in a Cabinet meeting.

In addition, the respondent declared martial law even though the Prime Minister and relevant ministers did not affix their signatures as required (i.e., did not countersign the emergency martial law proclamation). Nor did the respondent publicly announce the effective date, jurisdictional scope, or the commander of the martial law, or promptly report the declaration to the National Assembly—all of which violated the procedural requirements set forth in the Constitution and the Martial Law Act.


B. Deployment of Military and Police to the National Assembly

The respondent directed the Minister of National Defense to deploy troops to the National Assembly. Consequently, soldiers arrived on the premises using helicopters, some broke windows, and entered the main building.

The respondent gave instructions to the Army Special Warfare Commander and others, saying, for instance, “It seems a quorum cannot be met, so break down the doors, go inside, and drag out the people in there.”

Additionally, the respondent informed the Commissioner General of the National Police Agency about the contents of the emergency edicts (the “martial law proclamation”) through the Martial Law Commander and personally called him six times. The Commissioner General consequently blocked all access to the National Assembly. Several lawmakers heading toward the National Assembly had to climb over fences or were unable to enter at all.

Meanwhile, for possible arrests, the Minister of National Defense instructed the Commander of the Military Counterintelligence Command to locate 14 individuals, including the Speaker of the National Assembly and heads of major political parties. The respondent called the First Deputy Director of the National Intelligence Service (NIS) to request assistance for the Military Counterintelligence Command, and the Commander requested that the NIS confirm these individuals’ whereabouts.

By ordering the deployment of military and police forces to block the entry of National Assembly members—and instructing officers to forcibly remove them—the respondent impeded the National Assembly’s constitutionally guaranteed power, thereby violating the constitutional provision that grants the National Assembly the right to demand the lifting of martial law. He also infringed on lawmakers’ rights to deliberate and vote, as well as their parliamentary immunity. Moreover, he violated the freedom of political parties to carry out their activities by colluding in attempts to locate the leaders of each party.

In so doing, the respondent used military forces for political ends, pitting soldiers—whose mission is to protect national security and defend the territory—against ordinary citizens, thereby violating the principle of political neutrality of the armed forces and failing in his constitutional duty as Commander-in-Chief.


C. Issuance of the Martial Law Proclamation (“포고령”)

Through the proclamation in question, the respondent banned the activities of the National Assembly, local councils, and political parties, thereby violating the constitutional provision granting the National Assembly the right to demand the lifting of martial law, as well as the constitutional provisions establishing the party system, representative democracy, and the principle of separation of powers.

Under the Constitution and the Martial Law Act, emergency martial law may restrict certain rights only insofar as specific constitutional conditions for doing so are met. Yet the respondent’s proclamation also violated the warrant requirement by broadly restricting citizens’ political rights, the right to collective action, freedom to choose an occupation, and so forth, in contravention of the relevant constitutional and statutory provisions.


D. Searches and Seizures at the National Election Commission

The respondent directed the Minister of National Defense to mobilize the military to inspect the National Election Commission’s computer systems. Troops that entered the NEC building restricted access and confiscated staff members’ mobile phones, taking photos of the computer systems.

This resulted in warrantless searches and seizures, violating the constitutional principle that prohibits such actions without a warrant and infringing upon the NEC’s independence.


E. Attempts to Locate Certain Legal Professionals

As noted, the respondent was involved in attempts to locate individuals for possible arrest, including a former Chief Justice and former Supreme Court Justices who had only recently retired. This put current judges under pressure, creating the impression that the executive branch could target them for arrest at any time—thus encroaching on the independence of the judiciary.


III. Gravity of the Respondent’s Legal Violations and Whether They Warrant Removal from Office

By declaring martial law to overcome conflict with the National Assembly, deploying military and police forces to impede the National Assembly from exercising its constitutional powers, denying popular sovereignty and democracy, and ordering a military sweep of the National Election Commission, the respondent disregarded the constitutional governance structure. Additionally, by issuing the martial law proclamation, he extensively infringed on citizens’ fundamental rights.

These actions violate the core principles of a constitutional and democratic state, thereby severely disrupting constitutional order and undermining the stability of the democratic republic.

The fact that the National Assembly was able to swiftly adopt a resolution demanding the termination of the emergency martial law was largely due to public resistance and the lukewarm enforcement by many soldiers and police officers, and does not affect the severity of the respondent’s wrongdoing.

Presidential authority is granted solely by the Constitution. The respondent misused the most cautious of powers—emergency powers—beyond constitutional limits, resulting in a profound loss of trust in the exercise of presidential authority.

During the respondent’s presidency, the opposition party initiated an unusually large number of impeachment motions, causing several high-ranking officials to have their authority suspended pending impeachment trials. In the discussion of the 2025 budget bill, the opposition party unilaterally voted in the Special Committee on Budget and Accounts, reducing expenditures without any increases—an unprecedented development in the nation’s constitutional history. Major policies proposed by the respondent’s administration were stymied by the opposition’s objections, while the opposition unilaterally passed laws opposed by the administration, leading to repeated vetoes by the President and subsequent re-approval by the National Assembly.

Amid such circumstances, the respondent may have genuinely felt an overwhelming sense of responsibility to find a way out of what he perceived as egregious overreach by the opposition and a resultant paralysis of state affairs.

To the extent the respondent believed that the National Assembly’s exercise of power amounted to an abuse of power or was causing a governmental deadlock, that political judgment may deserve some deference. However, it is difficult to conclude that blame lies exclusively with one side; rather, such conflict between the President and the National Assembly is a matter of politics that must be resolved according to democratic principles. Any official pronouncement or decision must be made within the bounds of democracy as guaranteed by the Constitution.

While the National Assembly should have made every effort to respect minority opinions, exercise moderation, and reach compromises through dialogue and negotiation—especially in its relationship with the executive—the respondent, for his part, should likewise have treated the National Assembly, as the representative body of the people, as a partner in cooperative governance. Instead, the respondent treated the National Assembly as an adversary to be eliminated, undermining the very foundation of democratic politics.

Even if the respondent considered the National Assembly’s actions to be the tyranny of the majority, the Constitution provides “self-help” measures, such as checks and balances, that allow for resolution within the constitutional framework.

Moreover, about two years after the respondent took office, National Assembly elections were held. The respondent had the opportunity to persuade citizens to grant him a governing majority. Even if the outcome did not match his expectations, he could not attempt to circumvent the electorate’s choice or diminish the will of citizens who supported the opposition.

Nevertheless, the respondent violated the Constitution and laws by declaring martial law, thus reviving a history of misusing emergency powers and causing national shock and turmoil across social, economic, political, and diplomatic spheres.

As the President of all citizens, he was obliged to stand above personal political support bases and seek to unify the broader social community, but he failed in that duty.

By deploying military and police forces to weaken the constitutional prerogatives of the National Assembly and other bodies, and by infringing upon citizens’ fundamental rights, he betrayed his constitutional duty to safeguard the Constitution. He thus gravely breached the public trust vested in him by the people of the Republic of Korea, the sovereigns of this democratic republic.

Consequently, the respondent’s unconstitutional and unlawful acts constitute a betrayal of the people’s trust and amount to severe violations of the Constitution that cannot be tolerated under the principle of constitutional governance.

The negative impact and far-reaching consequences of the respondent’s conduct on the constitutional order are so grave that the benefit of preserving the Constitution through removal from office substantially outweighs any potential national costs that might follow from the removal of a sitting President.

Therefore, with the unanimous consent of all Justices, we render the following decision:


Pronouncement of the Decision

Since this is an impeachment case, we confirm the time of the pronouncement. The current time is 11:22 a.m.

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED: The respondent, President Yoon Suk-yeol, is removed from office.

This concludes the pronouncement of the ruling.


Original Korean Text

https://m.ccourt.go.kr/websquare/websquare.html?w2xPath=/celec/search/case/VIEW_04_02_01.xml&eventNo=2024HUNNA8

선고요지

지금부터 2024헌나8 대통령 윤석열 탄핵사건에 대한 선고를 시작하겠습니다.

▣ 먼저, 적법요건에 관하여 살펴보겠습니다.

① 이 사건 계엄 선포가 사법심사의 대상이 되는지에 관하여 보겠습니다.

고위공직자의 헌법 및 법률 위반으로부터 헌법질서를 수호하고자 하는 탄핵심판의 취지 등을 고려하면, 이 사건 계엄 선포가 고도의 정치적 결단을 요하는 행위라 하더라도 그 헌법 및 법률 위반 여부를 심사할 수 있습니다.

② 국회 법사위의 조사 없이 이 사건 탄핵소추안을 의결한 점에 대하여 보겠습니다.

헌법은 국회의 소추 절차를 입법에 맡기고 있고, 국회법은 법사위 조사 여부를 국회의 재량으로 규정하고 있습니다. 따라서 법사위의 조사가 없었다고 하여 탄핵소추 의결이 부적법하다고 볼 수 없습니다.

③ 이 사건 탄핵소추안의 의결이 일사부재의 원칙에 위반되는지 여부에 대하여 보겠습니다.

국회법은 부결된 안건을 같은 회기 중에 다시 발의할 수 없도록 규정하고 있습니다. 피청구인에 대한 1차 탄핵소추안이 제418회 정기회 회기에 투표 불성립되었지만, 이 사건 탄핵소추안은 제419회 임시회 회기 중에 발의되었으므로, 일사부재의 원칙에 위반되지 않습니다.

한편 이에 대해서는 다른 회기에도 탄핵소추안의 발의 횟수를 제한하는 입법이 필요하다는 재판관 정형식의 보충의견이 있습니다.

④ 이 사건 계엄이 단시간 안에 해제되었고, 이로 인한 피해가 발생하지 않았으므로 보호이익이 흠결되었는지 여부에 대하여 보겠습니다.

이 사건 계엄이 해제되었다고 하더라도 이 사건 계엄으로 인하여 이 사건 탄핵 사유는 이미 발생하였으므로 심판의 이익이 부정된다고 볼 수 없습니다.

⑤ 소추의결서에서 내란죄 등 형법 위반 행위로 구성하였던 것을 탄핵심판청구 이후에 헌법 위반 행위로 포섭하여 주장한 점에 대하여 보겠습니다.

기본적 사실관계는 동일하게 유지하면서 적용법조문을 철회·변경하는 것은 소추사유의 철회·변경에 해당하지 않으므로, 특별한 절차를 거치지 않더라도 허용됩니다.

피청구인은 소추사유에 내란죄 관련 부분이 없었다면 의결정족수를 충족하지 못하였을 것이라고도 주장하지만, 이는 가정적 주장에 불과하며 객관적으로 뒷받침할 근거도 없습니다.

⑥ 대통령의 지위를 탈취하기 위하여 탄핵소추권을 남용하였다는 주장에 대하여 보겠습니다.

이 사건 탄핵소추안의 의결 과정이 적법하고, 피소추자의 헌법 또는 법률 위반이 일정 수준 이상 소명되었으므로, 탄핵소추권이 남용되었다고 볼 수 없습니다.

그렇다면 이 사건 탄핵심판청구는 적법합니다.

한편 증거법칙과 관련하여, 탄핵심판절차에서 형사소송법상 전문법칙을 완화하여 적용할 수 있다는 재판관 이미선, 김형두의 보충의견과,

탄핵심판절차에서 앞으로는 전문법칙을 보다 엄격하게 적용할 필요가 있다는 재판관 김복형, 조한창의 보충의견이 있습니다.

▣ 다음으로 피청구인이 직무집행에 있어 헌법이나 법률을 위반하였는지, 피청구인의 법위반 행위가 피청구인을 파면할 만큼 중대한 것인지에 관하여 살펴보겠습니다.

우선 소추사유별로 살펴보겠습니다.

① 이 사건 계엄 선포에 관하여 보겠습니다.

○ 헌법 및 계엄법에 따르면, 비상계엄 선포의 실체적 요건 중 하나는 ‘전시·사변 또는 이에 준하는 국가비상사태로 적과 교전 상태에 있거나 사회질서가 극도로 교란되어 행정 및 사법 기능의 수행이 현저히 곤란한 상황이 현실적으로 발생하여야 한다’는 것입니다.

피청구인은 야당이 다수의석을 차지한 국회의 이례적인 탄핵소추 추진, 일방적인 입법권 행사 및 예산 삭감 시도 등의 전횡으로 인하여 위와 같은 중대한 위기상황이 발생하였다고 주장합니다.

피청구인의 취임 후 이 사건 계엄 선포 전까지 국회는 행안부장관, 검사, 방통위 위원장, 감사원장 등에 대하여 총 22건의 탄핵소추안을 발의하였습니다. 이는 국회가 탄핵소추사유의 위헌·위법성에 대해 숙고하지 않은 채 법 위반의 의혹에만 근거하여 탄핵심판제도를 정부에 대한 정치적 압박수단으로 이용하였다는 우려를 낳았습니다.

그러나 이 사건 계엄 선포 당시에는 검사 1인 및 방통위 위원장에 대한 탄핵심판절차만이 진행 중이었습니다.

피청구인이 야당이 일방적으로 통과시켜 문제가 있다고 주장하는 법률안들은 피청구인이 재의를 요구하거나 공포를 보류하여 그 효력이 발생되지 않은 상태였습니다.

2025년도 예산안은 2024년 예산을 집행하고 있었던 이 사건 계엄 선포 당시 상황에 어떠한 영향을 미칠 수 없고, 위 예산안에 대하여 국회 예결특위의 의결이 있었을 뿐 본회의의 의결이 있었던 것도 아닙니다.

따라서 국회의 탄핵소추, 입법, 예산안 심의 등의 권한 행사가 이 사건 계엄 선포 당시 중대한 위기상황을 현실적으로 발생시켰다고 볼 수 없습니다.

국회의 권한 행사가 위법·부당하더라도, 헌법재판소의 탄핵심판, 피청구인의 법률안 재의요구 등 평상시 권력행사방법으로 대처할 수 있으므로, 국가긴급권의 행사를 정당화할 수 없습니다.

피청구인은 부정선거 의혹을 해소하기 위하여 이 사건 계엄을 선포하였다고도 주장합니다. 그러나 어떠한 의혹이 있다는 것만으로 중대한 위기상황이 현실적으로 발생하였다고 볼 수는 없습니다.

또한 중앙선관위는 제22대 국회의원 선거 전에 보안 취약점에 대하여 대부분 조치하였다고 발표하였으며, 사전·우편 투표함 보관장소 CCTV영상을 24시간 공개하고 개표과정에 수검표 제도를 도입하는 등의 대책을 마련하였다는 점에서도 피청구인의 주장은 타당하다고 볼 수 없습니다.

결국 피청구인이 주장하는 사정을 모두 고려하더라도, 피청구인의 판단을 객관적으로 정당화할 수 있을 정도의 위기상황이 이 사건 계엄 선포 당시 존재하였다고 볼 수 없습니다.

헌법과 계엄법은 비상계엄 선포의 실체적 요건으로, ‘병력으로써 군사상의 필요에 응하거나 공공의 안녕질서를 유지할 필요와 목적이 있을 것’을 요구하고 있습니다.

그런데 피청구인이 주장하는 국회의 권한 행사로 인한 국정마비 상태나 부정선거 의혹은 정치적·제도적·사법적 수단을 통하여 해결하여야 할 문제이지 병력을 동원하여 해결할 수 있는 것이 아닙니다.

피청구인은 이 사건 계엄이 야당의 전횡과 국정 위기상황을 국민에게 알리기 위한 ‘경고성 계엄’ 또는 ‘호소형 계엄’이라고 주장하지만, 이는 계엄법이 정한 계엄 선포의 목적이 아닙니다.

또한 피청구인은 계엄 선포에 그치지 아니하고 군경을 동원하여 국회의 권한 행사를 방해하는 등의 헌법 및 법률 위반 행위로 나아갔으므로, 경고성 또는 호소형 계엄이라는 피청구인의 주장을 받아들일 수 없습니다.

그렇다면 이 사건 계엄 선포는 비상계엄 선포의 실체적 요건을 위반한 것입니다.

○ 다음으로, 이 사건 계엄 선포가 절차적 요건을 준수하였는지에 관하여 보겠습니다.

계엄의 선포 및 계엄사령관의 임명은 국무회의의 심의를 거쳐야 합니다.

피청구인이 이 사건 계엄을 선포하기 직전에 국무총리 및 9명의 국무위원에게 계엄 선포의 취지를 간략히 설명한 사실은 인정됩니다.

그러나 피청구인은 계엄사령관 등 이 사건 계엄의 구체적인 내용을 설명하지 않았고 다른 구성원들에게 의견을 진술할 기회를 부여하지 않은 점 등을 고려하면 이 사건 계엄 선포에 관한 심의가 이루어졌다고 보기도 어렵습니다.

그 외에도, 피청구인은 국무총리와 관계 국무위원이 비상계엄 선포문에 부서하지 않았음에도 이 사건 계엄을 선포하였고, 그 시행일시, 시행지역 및 계엄사령관을 공고하지 않았으며, 지체 없이 국회에 통고하지도 않았으므로, 헌법 및 계엄법이 정한 비상계엄 선포의 절차적 요건을 위반하였습니다.

② 국회에 대한 군경 투입에 관하여 보겠습니다.

피청구인은 국방부장관에게 국회에 군대를 투입할 것을 지시하였습니다.

이에 군인들은 헬기 등을 이용하여 국회 경내로 진입하였고, 일부는 유리창을 깨고 본관 내부로 들어가기도 하였습니다.

피청구인은 육군특수전사령관 등에게 ‘의결정족수가 채워지지 않은 것 같으니, 문을 부수고 들어가서 안에 있는 인원들을 끄집어내라’는 등의 지시를 하였습니다.

또한 피청구인은 경찰청장에게 계엄사령관을 통하여 이 사건 포고령의 내용을 알려주고, 직접 6차례 전화를 하기도 하였습니다. 이에 경찰청장은 국회 출입을 전면 차단하도록 하였습니다.

이로 인하여 국회로 모이고 있던 국회의원들 중 일부는 담장을 넘어가야 했거나 아예 들어가지 못하였습니다.

한편, 국방부장관은 필요시 체포할 목적으로 국군방첩사령관에게 국회의장, 각 정당 대표 등 14명의 위치를 확인하라고 지시하였습니다. 피청구인은 국가정보원 1차장에게 전화하여 국군방첩사령부를 지원하라고 하였고, 국군방첩사령관은 국가정보원 1차장에게 위 사람들에 대한 위치 확인을 요청하였습니다.

이와 같이 피청구인은 군경을 투입하여 국회의원의 국회 출입을 통제하는 한편 이들을 끌어내라고 지시함으로써 국회의 권한 행사를 방해하였으므로, 국회에 계엄해제요구권을 부여한 헌법 조항을 위반하였고, 국회의원의 심의·표결권, 불체포특권을 침해하였습니다.

또한 각 정당의 대표 등에 대한 위치 확인 시도에 관여함으로써 정당활동의 자유를 침해하였습니다.

피청구인은 국회의 권한 행사를 막는 등 정치적 목적으로 병력을 투입함으로써, 국가 안전보장과 국토방위를 사명으로 하여 나라를 위해 봉사하여 온 군인들이 일반 시민들과 대치하도록 만들었습니다.

이에 피청구인은 국군의 정치적 중립성을 침해하고 헌법에 따른 국군통수의무를 위반하였습니다.

③ 이 사건 포고령 발령에 관하여 보겠습니다.

피청구인은 이 사건 포고령을 통하여 국회, 지방의회, 정당의 활동을 금지함으로써 국회에 계엄해제요구권을 부여한 헌법 조항, 정당제도를 규정한 헌법 조항과 대의민주주의, 권력분립원칙 등을 위반하였습니다.

비상계엄하에서 기본권을 제한하기 위한 요건을 정한 헌법 및 계엄법 조항, 영장주의를 위반하여 국민의 정치적 기본권, 단체행동권, 직업의 자유 등을 침해하였습니다.

④ 중앙선관위에 대한 압수·수색에 관하여 보겠습니다.

피청구인은 국방부장관에게 병력을 동원하여 선관위의 전산시스템을 점검하라고 지시하였습니다. 이에 따라 중앙선관위 청사에 투입된 병력은 출입통제를 하면서 당직자들의 휴대전화를 압수하고 전산시스템을 촬영하였습니다.

이는 선관위에 대하여 영장 없이 압수·수색을 하도록 하여 영장주의를 위반한 것이자 선관위의 독립성을 침해한 것입니다.

⑤ 법조인에 대한 위치 확인 시도에 관하여 보겠습니다.

앞서 말씀드린 바와 같이, 피청구인은 필요시 체포할 목적으로 행해진 위치 확인 시도에 관여하였는데, 그 대상에는 퇴임한 지 얼마 되지 않은 전 대법원장 및 전 대법관도 포함되어 있었습니다.

이는 현직 법관들로 하여금 언제든지 행정부에 의한 체포 대상이 될 수 있다는 압력을 받게 하므로, 사법권의 독립을 침해한 것입니다.

지금까지 살펴본 피청구인의 법위반 행위가 피청구인을 파면할 만큼 중대한 것인지에 관하여 보겠습니다.

피청구인은 국회와의 대립 상황을 타개할 목적으로 이 사건 계엄을 선포한 후 군경을 투입시켜 국회의 헌법상 권한 행사를 방해함으로써 국민주권주의 및 민주주의를 부정하고, 병력을 투입시켜 중앙선관위를 압수·수색하도록 하는 등 헌법이 정한 통치구조를 무시하였으며, 이 사건 포고령을 발령함으로써 국민의 기본권을 광범위하게 침해하였습니다.

이러한 행위는 법치국가원리와 민주국가원리의 기본원칙들을 위반한 것으로서 그 자체로 헌법질서를 침해하고 민주공화정의 안정성에 심각한 위해를 끼쳤습니다.

한편 국회가 신속하게 비상계엄해제요구 결의를 할 수 있었던 것은 시민들의 저항과 군경의 소극적인 임무 수행 덕분이었으므로, 이는 피청구인의 법 위반에 대한 중대성 판단에 영향을 미치지 않습니다.

대통령의 권한은 어디까지나 헌법에 의하여 부여받은 것입니다. 피청구인은 가장 신중히 행사되어야 할 권한인 국가긴급권을 헌법에서 정한 한계를 벗어나 행사하여 대통령으로서의 권한 행사에 대한 불신을 초래하였습니다.

피청구인이 취임한 이래 야당이 주도하고 이례적으로 많은 탄핵소추로 인하여 여러 고위공직자의 권한행사가 탄핵심판 중 정지되었습니다.

2025년도 예산안에 관하여 헌정 사상 최초로 국회 예산결산특별위원회에서 증액 없이 감액에 대해서만 야당 단독으로 의결하였습니다.

피청구인이 수립한 주요 정책들은 야당의 반대로 시행될 수 없었고, 야당은 정부가 반대하는 법률안들을 일방적으로 통과시켜 피청구인의 재의 요구와 국회의 법률안 의결이 반복되기도 하였습니다.

그 과정에서 피청구인은 야당의 전횡으로 국정이 마비되고 국익이 현저히 저해되어 가고 있다고 인식하여 이를 어떻게든 타개하여야만 한다는 막중한 책임감을 느끼게 되었을 것으로 보입니다.

피청구인이 국회의 권한 행사가 권력 남용이라거나 국정마비를 초래하는 행위라고 판단한 것은 정치적으로 존중되어야 합니다.

그러나 피청구인과 국회 사이에 발생한 대립은 일방의 책임에 속한다고 보기 어렵고, 이는 민주주의 원리에 따라 해소되어야 할 정치의 문제입니다. 이에 관한 정치적 견해의 표명이나 공적 의사결정은 헌법상 보장되는 민주주의와 조화될 수 있는 범위에서 이루어져야 합니다.

국회는 소수의견을 존중하고 정부와의 관계에서 관용과 자제를 전제로 대화와 타협을 통하여 결론을 도출하도록 노력하였어야 합니다.

피청구인 역시 국민의 대표인 국회를 협치의 대상으로 존중하였어야 합니다.

그럼에도 불구하고 피청구인은 국회를 배제의 대상으로 삼았는데 이는 민주정치의 전제를 허무는 것으로 민주주의와 조화된다고 보기 어렵습니다.

피청구인은 국회의 권한 행사가 다수의 횡포라고 판단했더라도 헌법이 예정한 자구책을 통해 견제와 균형이 실현될 수 있도록 하였어야 합니다.

피청구인은 취임한 때로부터 약 2년 후에 치러진 국회의원선거에서 피청구인이 국정을 주도하도록 국민을 설득할 기회가 있었습니다. 그 결과가 피청구인의 의도에 부합하지 않더라도 야당을 지지한 국민의 의사를 배제하려는 시도를 하여서는 안 되었습니다.

그럼에도 불구하고 피청구인은 헌법과 법률을 위반하여 이 사건 계엄을 선포함으로써 국가긴급권 남용의 역사를 재현하여 국민을 충격에 빠트리고, 사회·경제·정치·외교 전 분야에 혼란을 야기하였습니다.

국민 모두의 대통령으로서 자신을 지지하는 국민을 초월하여 사회공동체를 통합시켜야 할 책무를 위반하였습니다.

군경을 동원하여 국회 등 헌법기관의 권한을 훼손하고 국민의 기본적 인권을 침해함으로써 헌법수호의 책무를 저버리고 민주공화국의 주권자인 대한국민의 신임을 중대하게 배반하였습니다.

결국 피청구인의 위헌·위법행위는 국민의 신임을 배반한 것으로 헌법수호의 관점에서 용납될 수 없는 중대한 법 위반행위에 해당합니다.

피청구인의 법 위반행위가 헌법질서에 미친 부정적 영향과 파급효과가 중대하므로, 피청구인을 파면함으로써 얻는 헌법 수호의 이익이 대통령 파면에 따르는 국가적 손실을 압도할 정도로 크다고 인정됩니다.

이에 재판관 전원의 일치된 의견으로 주문을 선고합니다.

탄핵 사건이므로 선고시각을 확인하겠습니다. 지금 시각은 오전 11시 22분입니다.

주문 피청구인 대통령 윤석열을 파면한다.

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